Dexter_Sex_Trafficking

=1AC =  OBSERVATION 1 IS INHERANCY THE PRESENT SYSTEM RESTRICTS ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES LEAVING ONE MILLION PEOPLE IN SLAVE LIKE CONDITIONS RYF 02 Kara C. Ryf* J.D., magna cum laude, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; B.S., with distinction, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Kara Ryf is a labor and employment attorney for Perkins Coie LLP in Seattle Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 34:45 LEXIS The majority, who supported capping the number of T visas, argued that such a restriction was necessary to prevent persons from fraudulently claiming they were a victim of trafficking, thereby obtaining a visa to remain lawfully in the United States. [|n171] The availability of 5,000 visas per year, they purported, prevents abuse of the system and still provides a [*69] generous number of visas for the estimated 1,500 victims annually. [|n172] However, this cap is clearly arbitrary and very low. Currently, there are 50,000 women and children being trafficked into the United States every year to work in the forced sex trade and there is an estimated one million persons living in the United States under slave-like conditions.   

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UNFORTUANETELY THE TVPA MAINTAINS RESTRICTIONS ON THE SERVICES THAT TRAFFICKED PERSONS CAN RECEIVE CHEUNG  -  Trial Attorney with the United States Department of Justice, Antitrust Division, National Criminal Enforcement Section. 07   Calvin, Protecting Sex Trafficking Victims: Establishing the Persecution Element. 14 Asian Am. L.J. 31 LEXIS Historically, the United States response to trafficking victims has been lukewarm. According to Ivy Lee, staff attorney at the Asian Pacific Islander Legal Outreach and co-chair of the Bay Area Anti-Trafficking Task Force, "there's a lot of public sentiment that these women came here and deserve this." [|n20] However, "the important thing for the public to start thinking about and communicating to their representatives and law enforcement [is] that these are victims of sex trafficking and indentured servitude, slavery," says Lee. [|n21] On the Department of Justice website, sex trafficking is described under the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section as nothing less than slavery: "When an offender takes a woman or girl against her will and forces her to engage in prostitution, that offender has stolen her freedom and dignity." [|n22] These countervailing views beg the question: Will immigration courts ever grant Asian sex trafficking victims asylum relief? Since trafficking victims are illegally in the United States, immigration laws have always treated them as illegal aliens. Prior to 2000, the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") had no provision that afforded any special treatment to trafficking victims. [|n23] Thus, courts have never granted trafficking victims asylum relief. [|n24] Since the determination of refugee status is not a mechanical process,  [|n25]  the evolving nature of asylum law may one day expand to afford trafficking victims protection as refugees. [|n26] The bleak outlook of human trafficking worldwide caught the attention of Congress and the Clinton administration, leading to the [*34] Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 ("TVPA"). [|n27] The TVPA created a special non-immigrant visa class in the INA for trafficking victims called the T-visa. [|n28] In theory, T-visas endow trafficking victims with an assortment of benefits, including medical services and possibly lawful permanent residency after three years, similar to the benefits afforded to refugees. [|n29] Despite these statutory benefits, T-visas remain a limited option for trafficking victims. [|n30] First, the court must find that the trafficking victim is a "victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons." [|n31] This renders disqualified a victim who initially agreed to be smuggled into the United States. Secondly, trafficking victims must assist investigators in the prosecution of her traffickers, unless she is under the age of fifteen. [|n32] Therefore, only the limited few who investigators choose for assistance will qualify. Thirdly, the victim must show that she would suffer extreme hardship involving severe harm upon removal. [|n33] Finally, the TVPA allows the Attorney General to grant only 5,000 T-visas a year,  [|n34]  which, if applied to its maximum, would cover only one-third of victims in the United States annually. Since the creation of the T-visas in 2000, only approximately 1,000 have been issued to victims, even though 5,000 are available each year. [|n35] This disparity is due in large part to the requirement that victims must testify against their captors in order to qualify for the T-visa. [|n36] The stringent requirements to qualify for T-visas necessitate that trafficking victims seek asylum relief as an alternative to avoid harmful deportation. =1AC =  OBSERVATION 2 ARE THE IMPACTS ADVANTAGE 1 IS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP US LEADERSHIP IS LOW NOW; USFG POLICY ACTION IS KEY TO REVITALIZATION Joseph S. Nye, Jr., is former Assistant Secretary of Defense and Dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is author of Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. January 21, 20 09 (“The U.S. can reclaim 'smart power' @http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-nye21-2009jan21,0,3381521.story ) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Smart power is the combination of hard and soft power. Soft power is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. Opinion polls show a serious decline in American attractiveness in Europe, Latin America and, most dramatically, the Muslim world. The resources that produce soft power for a country include its culture (when it is attractive to others), its values (when they are attractive and not undercut by inconsistent practices) and policies (when they are seen as inclusive and legitimate). When poll respondents are asked why they report a decline in American soft power, they cite American policies more than American culture or values. Because it is easier for a country to change its policies than its culture, this implies that Obama will be able to choose policies that could help to recover some of America's soft power. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> = 1AC  = THE TVPA MAKES THE U.S. HYPOCRITICAL BECAUSE WE MAINTAIN RESTRICTIONS WHILE THE U.S. PRESSURES OTHER COUNTRIES TO STOP HUMAN TRAFFICKING DALRYMPLE 05 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JOYCE KOO DALRYMPLE *Staff Writer, BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD LAW JOURNAL 25 B.C. Third World L.J. 451 LEXIS Trafficked persons must demonstrate "extreme hardship involving unusual and severe harm upon removal" to qualify for a T visa or temporary residency. [|n75] Furthermore, victims are only eligible to remain in the United States permanently if they have been in the country for three years, and have established either that they have complied with law enforcement requests during that time, or would suffer "extreme hardship involving unusual and severe harm upon removal." [|n76] This harsh standard should be liberalized to protect trafficking victims who cannot demonstrate unusual and severe harm but may face genuine danger and hardship upon removal nonetheless. [|n77] [*463] These trafficked persons are no less deserving of human rights protections than asylum seekers, who are granted asylum if they demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution in their home country. [|n78] Therefore, the TVPA should model its standard after the criteria that asylum seekers must meet to stay in the United States, and trafficking victims would qualify for residency if they have a well-founded fear of retribution upon removal. [|n79] At the very least, the residency criteria should conform to the minimum anti-trafficking standards that the United States sets for other countries in the TVPA. [|n80] The Act states that other governments should provide "legal alternatives to removal to countries in which [trafficking victims] would face retribution or hardship." [|n81] This language is significantly less restrictive than the "extreme hardship involving unusual and severe harm" that victims in the United States must demonstrate to prevent removal. [|n82] This discrepancy undermines the validity of the United States' insistence that other countries comply with anti-trafficking measures, given the lesser protections the United States provides to victims within its own borders. [|n83] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = ACTING ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING WILL RESTORE U.S. GLOBAL LEADERSHIP ACTION GROUP 08 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Action Group is comprised of: the Alliance to Stop Slavery and End Trafficking, Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking, Recommendations for Fighting Human Trafficking in the United States and Abroad Transition Report for the Next Presidential Administration November 2008 []. The devastating toll of human trafficking, a form of modern-day slavery, urgently demands a renewal of American leadership, both at home and abroad. This global scourge offers the incoming Administration a compelling opportunity to exercise leadership on human rights, enhance America’s image abroad, seriously address transnational crime, and advance progress on a range of issues from poverty alleviation and HIV/AIDS to corrup- tion and violence against women. For more than a decade, U.S. leadership in fighting human trafficking and modern day slavery has garnered international attention and respect as one of our most effective and positive international policy initiatives. The Clinton Administration’s policies established a foundation for combating human traf- ficking based on the “Three P’s”: prevention, protection of trafficking victims and prosecu- tion of perpetrators. President Clinton formally launched the U.S. Government’s global efforts to address the trafficking in human beings on Women’s Day in March 1998, when he issued a Presidential Directive containing the original framework for Executive Branch action. Since that time, the United States has become a world leader in combating human trafficking. In 2000, Congress passed and President Clinton signed into law the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), including the first funding authorizations, based upon this strategic and operational framework. President Bush and his administration have supported and significantly expanded America’s commitment to end human trafficking. The U.S. Government’s efforts, including the annual Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons’ Report, steady diplomatic engage- ment, and over $300 million in funding of anti-trafficking programs since 2001, have earned the grudging respect of even the harshest critics of U.S. human rights policies. Although U.S. policy leadership has achieved several key goals- raised global awareness, created a governmental structure and begun to advance understanding of the problem and effective responses - serious challenges remain if the U.S. is to effectively tackle human trafficking both domestically and abroad. The next President needs to understand the complex nature of these challenges and the critical importance of all three elements of the framework for combating human trafficking: prevention, protection and prosecution. As a nation, we must expand this legacy of engagement by improving our existing gov- ernance structures. To properly protect the victims of human trafficking - the women, men and children who in search of a better life find themselves entrapped as slaves - and to properly address this heinous and dynamic crime, the United States must reassert its role as a champion of human rights and commit anew to the abolishment of modern-day slavery. We must also acknowledge and lead the world in addressing the underlying causes of human trafficking – in particular the economic forces that make children, women and men vulnerable to exploitation and human trafficking. Poverty, unemployment, and the forces that push and pull workers to migrate must be analyzed in terms of their impact on  the vulnerability of populations to trafficking. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = FIRST--LEADERSHIP IS KEY TO PREVENTING GLOBAL NUCLEAR WAR <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KHALILZAD ‘95 [Zalmay, Ambassador to the U.N., Spring, The Washington Quarterly, “Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War.” Lexis]

<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a global rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and vision. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United States exercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the global environment would be more open and more receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second, such a world would have a better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world’s major problems, such as nuclear proliferation, threats of regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-level conflicts. Finally, U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States and the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE SECOND IMPACT TO LEADERSHIP IS COALITION BUILDING, THIS UNIQUELLY IS A NEW FORM OF LEADERSHIP MEANING WE SOLVE ALL THEIR HEG BAD TURNS <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jospeh S. Nye, Professor and Former Dean Of Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, and Armitage, deputy secretary of state from 2001 to 2005, both are co-chairs of the CSIS Commission on Smart Power, 2007 [Joseph and Richard, “CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America”, @http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4156/type,1/, 11/6 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The information age has heightened political consciousness, but also made political groupings less cohesive. Small, adaptable, transnational networks have access to tools of destruction that are increasingly cheap, easy to conceal, and more readily available. Although the integration of the global economy has brought tremendous benefits, threats such as pandemic disease and the collapse of financial markets are more distributed and more likely to arise without warning. The threat of widespread physical harm to the planet posed by nuclear catastrophe has existed for half a century, though the realization of the threat will become more likely as the number of nuclear weapons states increases. The potential security challenges posed by climate change raise the possibility of an entirely new set of threats for the United States to consider. The next administration will need a strategy that speaks to each of these challenges. Whatever specific approach it decides to take, two principles will be certain: First, an extra dollar spent on hard power will not necessarily bring an extra dollar’s worth of security. It is difficult to know how to invest wisely when there is not a budget based on a strategy that specifies trade-offs among instruments. Moreover, hard power capabilities are a necessary but insufficient guarantee of security in today’s context. Second, success and failure will turn on the ability to win new allies and strengthen old ones both in government and civil society. The key is not how many enemies the United States kills, but how many allies it grows. States and non-state actors who improve their ability to draw in allies will gain competitive advantages in today’s environment. Those who alienate potential friends will stand at greater risk. China has invested in its soft power to ensure access to resources and to ensure against efforts to undermine its military modernization. Terrorists depend on their ability to attract support from the crowd at least as much as their ability to destroy the enemy’s will to fight. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ADVANTAGE 2 IS TRANSNATIONAL CRIME— THE PROFITS FROM TRAFFICKING FUEL ALL OTHER ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZED CRIME KEEFER 06 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Sandra, Colonel U.S. Army War College HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY FOR THEUNITED STATES []. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> There is no doubt that profits made from human trafficking are enormous. Slave traffickers around the world have rediscovered how profitable it is to buy and sell people. The United Nations believes that the trafficking of human beings is now the third largest source of money for organized crime, after arms and drugs.9 It has become the world’s fastest growingcriminal enterprise, an estimated $9.5 billion per year. The commodities involved in this illicit\trade are men, women, and children and the trafficker’s goal is to maximize profits. The sale and distribution of trafficked humans in the U.S. is a global, regional, and national problem.10 Attracted by huge profits made at minimal risks to the trafficker, criminal organizations at all levels are now involved with this heinous crime. The fall of communism, coupled with deteriorating third world economies, has fueled the dramatic rise of this form of commerce.11 An ounce of cocaine wholesale is $1200 but you can only sell it once, a woman or child $50- $1000 but you can sell them each day over and over and over again (30 to 40 customers a day), and the markup is unbelievable.12 Trafficking humans – especially children…enables these international mobsters to play in the wider field…of trafficking drugs, weapons, arms, chemicals, toxic waste, and even piracy on the high seas. Research substantiates indisputable links between human trafficking and organized criminal syndicates the world over =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> = =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FIRST—ORGANIZED CRIME WILL LEAD TO BALKAN INSTABILITY Gerxhaliu 7 Selvete, PhD Candidate in Int’l Criminal Law, Human Security, Organized Crime and Terrorism Challenges in Kosovo’sPerspective   <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> [] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Organised crime is obviously not a monopoly of the Balkans. But, it is more visible in the Balkans and has strong links with Western Europe. Organised crime finds its expression in the trafficking of illicit goods (such as arms and drugs), the large–scale smuggling of consumer goods (such as cigars), economic crime, fraud, tax crime and money laundering, the organisation of illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings. Corruption, intimidation and violence are used as means to expand illegal businesses and to influence public administrations, criminal justice and political systems. While the situation is not the same and has not reached the same critical proportions in all countries of the region, the perception is still that organised crime in the Balkans threatens democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the stability, the social and economic progress within this region, with an impact beyond the Balkans18. Lying between Asia and Europe, the Balkans fall naturally on the narcotics transit line. The most significant criminal activity in the Balkans is the trans-shipment of heroin from Turkey into Western Europe. Heroin shipments move from Turkey through Bulgaria and Macedonia, and then pass over the porous border between Macedonia and Kosovo, before continuing either into Serbia and Hungary or into Albania, to the so-called Italian route. At the same time the Balkan is used as route for trafficking in human beings. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BALKAN INSTABILITY DRAWS IN SUPER POWERS—GREATEST RISK FOR EXTINCTION Brzezinski 3 professor of American foreign policy at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Brzezinski, Zbigniew. "Hegemonic quicksand." The National Interest 74 (Winter 2003): 5(12). Expanded Academic ASAP <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FOR THE next several decades,the most volatile and dangerous region of the world—with the explosive potential to plunge the world into chaos—will be the crucial swathe ofEurasia between Europe and the Far East. Heavily inhabited by Muslims, we might term this crucial subregion of Eurasia the new “Global Balkans.”1 It is here that America could slide into a collision with <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the world of Islam while American- European policy differences could even cause the Atlantic Alliance to come unhinged. The two eventualities together could then put the prevailing American global hegemony at risk. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SECOND—ORGANIZED CRIME FUELS POACHING AND ILLEGAL WILD TRADING OF ENDANGERED WILDLIFE—RISKS SPECIES EXTINCTION Delaney 9 Joan, 3/18, Wildlife Smuggling Nets Big Bucks For Organized Crime, The Epoch Times, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> [] <span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Humming birds bound and stuffed in cigarette packets, snakes and tortoises inside a hollowed out teddy bear, exotic birds’ eggs made into necklaces—these are just some of the myriad ways used to smuggle wildlife in a lucrative worldwide trade. Run by organized crime, the illegal trade in wildlife and animal parts is estimated to be worth tens of billions of dollars per year, making it the biggest money-maker for organized crime after drugs, according to Interpol, the international police body. Stingrays and piranhas from South America; star tortoises from India; pygmy slow lorises, a primate, from South Asia; rare albino carpet pythons from Australia; Hawaiian chameleons; endangered sea turtles; West African songbirds—the list of smuggled species is endless. The animals are stolen from their natural habitat by poachers and spirited out, mostly to developed countries where collectors or those who simply want an unusual gift for their kid’s birthday can afford the exorbitant prices charged. “Some of these rare parrots or deer falcons can fetch up to $100,000,” says Michael O’Sullivan, chairman and CEO of The Humane Society of Canada (HSC) And although many creatures do not survive the trip because they are smuggled in cruel conditions, the trade still proves profitable to organized crime. “The figure that is often quoted is that only one out of about every 10 animals that start out the journey actually survive it,” says O’Sullivan, a veteran of undercover work in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere. Humane Society of Canada CEO Michael O’Sullivan at a sanctuary in Kenya with a baby elephant orphaned by wildlife traffickers. (Humane Society of Canada) The illegal wildlife trade, coupled with the destruction of habitat and the hunting of wild animals for food, has put the world’s wildlife “under assault,” he says. In addition, many of the animals traded are already endangered. “The more rare they are, the higher the price they command. The endangered species are actually more valuable.” Wildlife smuggled out of Canada includes falcons, especially deer falcons, which are highly prized in Middle Eastern countries. Eagle parts, bear paws, and bear gall bladders—which sell for up to $10,000 each in Asia—are also in demand. Once a successful pipeline has been established for smuggling wildlife, crime networks will use it to smuggle drugs, illegal weapons, people, and other contraband. Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, and the United States are among the top 10 smuggling hubs for wildlife. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">FAILURE TO PROTECT ENDANGERED SPECIES LEADS TO EXTINCTION <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kunich <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, Professor of Law, Roger Williams University School of Law, Bristol, Rhode Island, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2001  (John, “Preserving the Womb of the Unknown Species With Hotspots Legislation”, Hastings Law Journal, l/n) (A Miller) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">It is rather well known, even beyond the scientific community, that many of the world's species have either gone extinct or are on the road to extinction. It is much less well known, but equally important, that enormous <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">numbers of these species are confined to a few "hotspots" of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biodiversity , <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">far beyond the norm for the average region of comparable size. These hotspots are the key to the future of life on this planet. To understand why, we must first examine the degree of risk to which earth's biodiversity is exposed today. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = THIRD—TRANSNATIONAL CRIME LEADS TO FAILED STATES <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Carlson 97 Thomas, Commander of the US Navy, The Threat of Transnational Organized Crime to U.S. National Security: A Policy Analysis Using a Center of Gravity Framework, Global Security, Online Transnational organized crime contributes to and thrives on the recent and growing trend of ungovernability that is undermining the ability of many states to carry out their traditional functions. Ungovernability is defined as "the declining ability of governments worldwide, but particularly in the Third World, to govern and carry out the many and various responsibilities of managing a modern state in an increasingly complex environment."<span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref52;">[|[52]] <span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref52;">     Ungovernability is characterized by a decline in the rule of law, stagnating economies, and deteriorating infrastructures. The result has been an increasing burden on the international community to take action in support of "failed" states, such as Somalia and Rwanda, when the situation reaches the appropriate moral, legal, humanitarian, and/or security threshold. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAILED STATES ARE THE GREATEST CHANCE OF ESCALATION—LEADS TO EXTINCTION <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yoo 5 John, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Failed States, Int’l Colloquium, Online <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Failed states pose perhaps the most dangerous threat to both American national security and international peace and stability. Failed states have served as the incubator of international terrorist groups, such as the al Qaeda organization that attacked theUnited States on September 11, 2001, or as trans-shipments points for illicit drugs, human trafficking, or the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction technologies. In Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, and the former Yugoslavia, failed states have produced the catastrophic human rights disasters. Since the end of World War II, far more lives have been lost due to internal wars than international armed conflicts, and many of the former have occurred in failed states. Military intervention in response, often led by the United States and its allies, incurs high costs in terms of money, material, and lives. Finding a comprehensive and effective solution to these challenges of terrorism, human rights violations, or poverty and lack of economic development requires some answers to the problem of failed states. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ADVANTAGE 3 IS RETALLIATION HUMAN TRAFFICKING FUELS GLOBAL TERRORISM AND CREATES UNIQUE ACCESS POINTS FOR ATTACKING THE U.S. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> KEEFER 06 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Sandra, Colonel U.S. Army War College HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY FOR THEUNITED STATES []. Is there a link between terrorism and human trafficking? According to Christine Dolan, panelist at the recent “Terrorism Nexus” seminar hosted by The World Affairs Council of Washington, DC, the answer is a definitive, yes.14 Trafficking and terrorism are linked. Terrorists use the transportation networks of smugglers and traffickers to move operatives. In many parts of the world, profits from drug trading provide funds for terrorism, and in certain regions of the world trafficking is a large and significant component of that economy. Examples of this include the Balkans, Southeast Asia, Philippines and parts of the former Soviet Union. In the Balkans, trafficking is a major source of profits for organized crime groups which have links to terrorists. In Southeast Asia and the Philippines, trafficking is significant enabling potential terrorists to move their money easily through the channels of the illicit economy.15 The national and international enforcement environment changed significantly after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Today the conditions could be right for terrorist and human smugglers to join forces. Emphasis is now being placed on targeting alien smuggling organizations that present threats to our national security. This emphasis recognizes that terrorists and their associates are likely to align themselves with specific alien smuggling networks to obtain undetected entry into the United States. Three factors have created an environment in which terrorists and smuggling enterprises may combine their criminal efforts to  pose a significant national and international threat. These factors include the fact that the criminal organizations involved are growing in volume and sophistication; and those same organizations’ developing the ability to exploit public corruption; and lax immigration controls in source and transit countries.16 The thread of trafficking runs through Al Qaeda’s tapestry of terror. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE RISK OF A TERRORIST ATTACK IS UNIQUELLY HIGH IN THE UNITED STATES <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Allison 7 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Graham Allison, Director – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Professor of Government, and Faculty Chair of the Dubai Initiative – Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, “Symposium: Apocalypse When?”, The National Interest, November / December 2007, Lexis <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MUELLER IS entitled to his opinion that the threat of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> nuclear proliferation and nuclear <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terrorism is “exaggerated  ” and “overwrought.” <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">But analysts of various political persuasions , in and out of government, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">are virtually unanimous in their judgment to the contrary. As the national-security community learned during the Cold War, risk = likelihood x consequences. Thus, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">even when the likelihood of nuclear Armageddon was small, the consequences were so catastrophic that prudent policymakers felt a categorical imperative to do everything that feasibly could be done to prevent that war. Today, a single nuclear bomb exploding in just one city would change our world. Given such consequences, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">differences between a 1 percent and a 20 percent likelihood of such an attack are relatively insignificant when considering how we should respond to the threat. Richard Garwin, a designer of the hydrogen bomb who Enrico Fermi once called “the only true genius I had ever met”, told Congress in March that he estimated a “20 percent per year probability [of a nuclear explosion—not just a contaminated, dirty bomb—a nuclear explosion] with American cities and European cities included.” My Harvard colleague Matthew Bunn has created a model in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science that estimates the probability of a nuclear terrorist attack over a ten-year period to be 29 percent—identical to the average estimate from a poll of security experts commissioned by Senator Richard Lugar in 2005. My book, Nuclear Terrorism, states my own best judgment that, on the current trend line, the chances of a nuclear terrorist attack in the next decade are greater than 50 percent. Former Secretary of Defense William Perry has expressed his own view that my work may even underestimate the risk. Warren Buffet, the world’s most successful investor and legendary odds-maker in pricing insurance policies for unlikely but catastrophic events, concluded that nuclear terrorism is “inevitable.” He stated, “I don’t see any way that it won’t happen.” To assess the threat one must answer five core questions: who, what, where, when and how? Who could be planning a nuclear terrorist attack? Al-Qaeda remains the leading candidate. According to the most recent National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), Al-Qaeda has been substantially reconstituted—but with its leadership having moved from a medieval Afghanistan to Pakistan—a nation that actually has nuclear weapons. As former CIA Director George J. Tenet’s memoir reports, Al-Qaeda’s leadership has remained “singularly focused on acquiring WMDs” and that “the main threat is the nuclear one.” Tenet concluded, “I am convinced that this is where [Osama bin Laden] and his operatives want to go.” <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">What nuclear weapons could terrorists use? A ready-made weapon from the arsenal of one of the nuclear-weapons states or an elementary nuclear bomb constructed from highly enriched uranium made by a state remain most likely. As John Foster, a leading U.S. bomb-maker and former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, wrote a quarter of a century ago, “If the essential nuclear materials are at hand, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">it is possible to make an atomic bomb using information that is available in the open literature .” Where could terrorists acquire a nuclear bomb? If a nuclear attack occurs, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Russia will be the most likely source of the weapon or material. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A close second, however, is North Korea, which now has ten bombs worth of plutonium, or Pakistan with sixty nuclear bombs. Finally, research reactors in forty developing and transitional countries still hold the essential ingredient for nuclear weapons. When could terrorists launch the first nuclear attack? If terrorists bought or stole a nuclear weapon in good working condition, they could explode it today. If terrorists acquired one hundred pounds of highly enriched uranium, they could make a working elementary nuclear bomb in less than a year. How could terrorists deliver a nuclear weapon to its target? In the same way that illegal items come to our cities every day. As one of my former colleagues =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IF THERE IS A TERRORIST ATTACK THE U.S. WILL RETLIATE---LEADS TO EXTINCTION <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Speice 6 Patrick F., Jr. "Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs." William and Mary Law Review 47.4 (Feb 2006): 1427(59). Expanded Academic ASAP. The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups that seek to cause mass destruction in the United States are truly horrifying. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A terrorist attack with a nuclear weapon would be devastating in terms of immediate human and economic losses. (49) Moreover, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">there would be immense political pressure in the U nited <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">S  tates <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">to discover the perpetrators and retaliate with nuclear weapons, massively increasing the number of casualties and potentially triggering a full-scale nuclear conflict. (50) In addition to the threat posed by terrorists, leakage of nuclear knowledge and material from Russia will reduce the barriers that states with nuclear ambitions face and may trigger widespread proliferation of nuclear weapons. (51) This proliferation will increase the risk of nuclear attacks against the United States or its allies by hostile states, (52) as well as increase the likelihood that regional conflicts will draw in the United States and escalate to AND CUTTING REVENUES IS KEY TO PREVENTING ATTACKS REDUCING CASH FLOW TO TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IS KEY TO PREVENTING ATTACKS LORMEL 01 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dennis, Chief of Financial Crimes Section for FBI []. Cutting off the financial lifeblood of the individuals and organizations responsible for the September 11 acts of terrorism is a vital step in dismantling the organization and preventing future terrorist acts. The FBI has placed a high priority on this aspect of the investigation and welcomes the opportunity to work with this Committee to ensure that law enforcement efforts can be most effective. With the assistance of Congress, the combined resources of the law enforcement community, and law-abiding people throughout the world, we are confident we can succeed in our mission. Thank you. =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus the Plan: <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The United States federal government should substantially increase social services to trafficked persons living in the United States by providing social services that alter the barriers inplaced by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> = =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OBERSVATION 3 IS SOLVENCY EXPANDING SERVICES FOR TRAFFICKED PERSONS IS KEY TO SOLVING TRAFFICKING DALRYMPLE 05 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JOYCE KOO DALRYMPLE *Staff Writer, BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD LAW JOURNAL 25 B.C. Third World L.J. 451 LEXIS An effective anti-trafficking strategy must address the needs of victims. [|n11] Any plan that focuses primarily on law enforcement without comprehensively protecting the human rights of victims will fail because victims have no incentive to come forward and assist in prosecutions, as they are promised no protection if they do. [|n12] By not providing victims with the assistance and security they need to leave traffickers, governments permit the perpetuation of modern-day slavery or involuntary servitude. [|n13] Furthermore, many countries punish victims by deporting them, effectively subjecting them to re-victimization due to the absence of real assistance in their home country. [|n14] Governments must understand that trafficking in persons violates the fundamental human [*454] rights principle that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights." [|n15] Such rights include freedom of movement and residence, [|n16] free choice of employment, and the right to just and favorable work conditions. [|n17] The United States' Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) would effectively combat trafficking by addressing the needs of trafficking victims with a view towards human rights. [|n18] Before the promulgation of the Act, the government routinely detained and deported victims to their home countries if they were not material witnesses. [|n19] By decriminalizing victims and giving them lawful immigration status in the United States, the TVPA grants victims the same civil rights afforded to legal immigrants. [|n20] This change in the legal status of trafficking victims rightfully recognizes that it is not the trafficked but the traffickers who still are the "problem." [|n21] This Book Review, however, contends that the TVPA does not adequately protect trafficked individuals. [|n22] Unless the TVPA is altered, [*455] the number of victims assisted and the number of traffickers convicted will remain appallingly low. [|n23] According to a 1999 CIA report, fifty thousand women and children were trafficked to the United States every year; in comparison, the number actually "rescued" was alarmingly small, and remains so. [|n24] Since the passage of TVPA in 2000 through the end of 2003, only 448 victims have been certified or issued refugee benefits eligibility letters from the Department of Health and Human Services. [|n25] How could the TVPA better serve its stated goal to eliminate trafficking and protect trafficking victims? [|n26] First, most victims need immediate secure shelter and access to legal resources before they leave their abusers. [|n27] While the Act allows certified trafficked persons to receive benefits equivalent to those of refugees, the requirements for certification are too stringent, deterring victims from coming forward or denying relief to those who have not been trafficked with enough force. [|n28] Unless they qualify as victims of a "severe form of trafficking," they risk deportation. [|n29] Furthermore, the additional criteria [*456] that victims must meet in order to remain in the United States are likewise too severe. [|n30] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = ELIMINATING THE CAP ON THE NUMBER OF TRAFFICKED PERSONS ABLE TO GET SOCIAL SERVICES IS KEY TO SOLVING TRAFFICKING RYF 02 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kara C. Ryf* J.D., magna cum laude, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; B.S., with distinction, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Kara Ryf is a labor and employment attorney for Perkins Coie LLP in Seattle Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 34:45 LEXIS The majority, who supported capping the number of T visas, argued that such a restriction was necessary to prevent persons from fraudulently claiming they were a victim of trafficking, thereby obtaining a visa to remain lawfully in the United States. [|n171] The availability of 5,000 visas per year, they purported, prevents abuse of the system and still provides a  [*69] generous number of visas for the estimated 1,500 victims annually. [|n172] However, this cap is clearly arbitrary and very low. Currently, there are 50,000 women and children being trafficked into the United States every year to work in the forced sex trade and there is an estimated one million persons living in the United States under slave-like conditions. There is no similar arbitrary limit on the number of refugees and asylees permitted to enter the United States. This should be equally true in the T-visa instance, as "it is beneath our dignity as a nation to use an arbitrary cap to shut our doors to victims of slavery and sex trafficking." [|n173] Furthermore, to impose a cap based on worries of fraud is unjustified. T-visa applicants and victims attempting to adjust to permanent resident status must go through an application process where their history as trafficked victims will be carefully evaluated. [|n174] Even if fraud were a valid concern, the visa cap nullifies the purpose of the Act - to turn trafficking into a higher risk activity and increase protection for victims. This is so because successfully prosecuting traffickers turns on the ability of victims to escape their captors and know they will be given protection and needed health and social services. Trafficking cannot be eliminated without incentives for victims to go to the authorities and feel secure that they will not be placed in further danger. Additionally, victims will not assist prosecutors and serve as witnesses against the traffickers if they are not offered witness protection. [|n175] = 1AC  = TRANSFORMING PRESENT LAW TO INCREASE SERVICES FOR TRAFFICKED PERSONS IS THE KEY TO ELIMINATING TRAFFICKING DALRYMPLE 05 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JOYCE KOO DALRYMPLE *Staff Writer, BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD LAW JOURNAL 25 B.C. Third World L.J. 451 LEXIS With an estimated four million people trafficked worldwide every year, trafficking in persons is the most widespread manifestation of modern-day slavery. [|n139] Through physical isolation and psychological trauma, traffickers economically and sexually exploit victims, instilling constant fear of arrest, deportation, and violence by traffickers themselves. [|n140] Too often, governments have treated victims as criminals and let traffickers go free. [|n141] In Human Traffic: Sex, Slaves & Immigrants, Craig McGill argues that current law enforcement policies do not effectively combat trafficking, and provides personal accounts that underscore why victim protection is crucial to the success of anti-trafficking strategies. [|n142] An effective anti-trafficking strategy must view trafficking not only from an enforcement perspective, but also from a human rights perspective. [|n143] Efforts to eliminate trafficking must ensure the dignity of victims, because the blatant disregard for human dignity lies at the core of human trafficking. [|n144]  [*473] In this regard, the TVPA is bold step forward; while most international anti-trafficking laws focus primarily on law enforcement, the TWA recognizes the fundamental human right of trafficked persons by attempting to protect and assist victims. [|n145] The TVPA, however, lacks the comprehensive protection services necessary to be effective. [|n146] The number of victims assisted and traffickers convicted will remain low until the TVPA fully assures victims of personal security and access to justice. [|n147] The strict language of the TVPA and the lack of broad protections undermine its very purpose -- to eliminate trafficking and increase protections for victims. [|n148] Therefore, the TVPA must grant protection to victims of all forms of trafficking, so that they are not dissuaded from seeking assistance or are left without relief. [|n149] The United States must demonstrate its leadership on this critical human rights issue by improving this legislation. [|n150] The TVPA should signify the beginning of a movement focused on providing greater victim protections; only then, can we eradicate one of the most profound human rights abuses of our time. [|n151] AND FEDERAL LEGISLATION ON TRAFFICKING IS MODELED GLOBALLY SRIKANTIAH 07 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jayashri Srikantiah** Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Stanford Law School. Boston University Law Review 15:157 LEXIS As the United States continues to grapple with human trafficking, other countries are doing the same and, in many cases, are using the U.S. trafficking legislation as a model. Our trafficking approach could have global consequences. Unless we allow our approach to evolve as our understanding of trafficking evolves, we erroneously exclude trafficking victims from immigration relief. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> =<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1AC = <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">STATES CANNOT SOLVE BECAUSE FEDERAL SOCIAL SERVICES ARE KEY TO STOPPING THE DEPORTATION OF SEX TRAFFICKED PERSONS. HYLAND 01 <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">J.D. candidate, Washington College of Law, American University --The author is grateful to the President's Interagency Council on Women for its guidance Kelly, Protecting Human Victims of Trafficking: An American Framework 16 Berkeley Women's L.J. 29 lexis Perhaps the most crucial protection provision affords assistance to trafficking victims in the United States regardless of immigration status through expanded federal services and initiatives. [|n332] The House bill, but not the Senate bill, expressly designated victims as eligible for compensation and services from the Crime Victims Fund. [|n333] Even though the Act is not this specific, it expressly provides for eligibility "without regard to their [victims'] immigration status," eliminating the existing barrier to the Fund. [|n334] Since there are no additional details in the Act's provision, agencies creating regulations could interpret it broadly enough to extend any existing victim services to trafficking victims, including compensation from the Crime Victims Fund, emergency shelter and medical assistance, low-income housing, job training, and other forms of assistance. [|n335] The protection section also includes a Department of Justice victim assistance grant program. [|n336] Unfortunately, the clause reads that the Attorney General "may" make grants; thus the grant program is discretionary, rather than required. [|n337] A mandatory grant program would be more advantageous since there is a desperate need for funds and for an increase in the number of service providers for trafficking victims. [|n338] At this time, CAST is the only independent U.S. organization providing services exclusively to trafficking victims. [|n339] Assuming funding for a new grant program is set aside from funding for more prosecutions, the Department of Justice should create new grants for service providers in the interest of ensuring that victims will act as witnesses. [|n340] Unfortunately, the Act did not include the provision from the House bill which required grant applicants  [*64] to certify that they have not punished victims or denied them services. [|n341] Additionally in the protection section, Congress required that three critical victim issues be addressed in regulations within 180 days. [|n342] First, agencies and departments, "to the extent practicable," must promulgate regulations requiring that trafficking victims not be held in facilities "inappropriate to their status as crime victims." [|n343] This language came from the Senate bill. [|n344] The House bill had offered additional protective measures, which were not included in the Act, that required that victims not be "jailed, fined, or otherwise penalized due to having been trafficked"  [|n345]  and that they "be housed in appropriate shelter as quickly as possible." [|n346] The Act continues by stipulating that agencies and departments must provide, to the extent practicable, necessary medical care and other assistance,  [|n347]  information regarding the victim's rights, and translation assistance. [|n348] Again, the House bill offered better protection than that provided through the Act's phrase "information regarding their rights"  [|n349]  by expressly stating that victims shall have access to legal assistance. [|n350] Second, the Act requires that regulations be drafted to keep the names of trafficking victims and their family members confidential and provide victims and family members with physical protection if at risk of harm, recapture, intimidation, or retribution. [|n351] Third, the Act, adopting a provision of the Senate bill,  [|n352]  also expressly provides for the physical protection of trafficking victims and their family from retribution, as long as the victim is a potential witness. [|n353] In addition, the last part of the law enforcement and prosecution section makes trafficking victims eligible for witness protection. [|n354] All of these protective regulations may become meaningless if the victim is deported. In addressing this issue, the Act incorporates the Senate's weak language, stating only that federal law enforcement officials may act to keep a victim in the country, so long as the individual is indeed a victim and a potential witness. [|n355] This would mean that a victim  [*65] who is not a potential witness could be deported. The House bill used more protective language; it required officials to keep the trafficked person in the country so long as the individual was a victim or a material witness. [|n356] 1AC <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NGO’S CANNOT PROVIDE SOCIAL SERVICES WITHOUT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT APPROVAL FRANKEN 02 Mark Franken, Executive Director Migration and Refugee Services, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Rescue and Protection of Trafficked Victims: The Experience of the Catholic Church in the United States []. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Legislative Modifications Needed:

The current U.S. law has no provisions for a formal role for non-governmental organizations. As has been the case thus far in the U.S., it is often these organizations that can assist in the identification of the victims and arrange for community-based interventions on their behalf. The legislation should be amended to include explicit roles for these organizations to partner with the federal government in responding to the needs of the victims of trafficking.

Additionally, according to current U.S. legislation, in order to obtain the special visas, victims must participate in the prosecution of their traffickers. For this to be a viable proposition for both the government and the victims, provisions need to be strengthened for protecting the victims and their families. A witness protection-type approach needs to be pursued to ensure the safety of the victims and their families, both in the U.S. and in their home countries.