Public+Defense

** Public Defense Affirmative (States) **
Indigent defenders are failing now due to a severe lack of funding. Eckholm 2008. (Erik, NATIONAL LEGAL AID & DEFENDER ASSOCIATION. NYT. 11/9. Lexis.) Public defenders' offices … to government-paid representation.
 * Contention 1: Inherency**

Ensuring indigent defenders is the cornerstone of US democracy. Allee 2008. (Mathew, The Constitution Project. Public Defense Reforms. The Criminal Justice Transition Coalition. 11/9.[]) The Constitution of … of wrongful conviction." We isolate 2 scenarios: First, Egypt models our indigent defense system. USAID 2006. (“USAID ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROJECT.” 9/7. []) SECTION I. INTRODUCTION The USAID Administration … criminal justice system. That’s key to Egyptian democracy. Lacey 2007. (Nicola, Professor of Criminal Law and Legal Theory at the London School of Economics. “Criminal Justice and Democratic Systems: Inclusionary and Exclusionary Dynamics in the Institutional Structure of Late Modern Societies. CES Working Paper, no. 148, 2007” []) It is generally … any one system. Egyptian instability is only checked by democracy. Raheem 2003. (Abdul. Quoted – Jihad Ouda is a professor of IR in Helwan U. “EGYPT: POLITICAL REFORM FIRST, NOT SUCCESSION.” Lexis.) Renowned Egyptian analysts … from other countries. Even without escalation, Middle East nuclear war guarantees extinction Ian Hoffman, Staff Writer, December 12, 2006, “Nuclear Winter Looms, experts say”, MediaNews Group, Inc. and ANG Newspapers SAN FRANCISCO -- With superpower nuclear arsenals … to Rutgers' Robock. Second, India models US democracy and plan is key to consolidate its rule of law. Krishnan 2005. (Jayanth, Associate Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law. “From the ALI to the ILI: The Efforts to Export an American Legal Institution.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. Lexis.) Yet, whether it … the United States. n14 Indian democratization key to prevent world wars, chaos, terrorism, and disease. Kamdar 2007. (Mira, senior fellow at the World Policy Institute. “Living on Planet India.” The Australian Magazine. 4/14. Lexis.) No other country … of the century. Most likely scenario for extinction. Ghulam Nabi Fai, Kashmiri American Council, July 8, 2001, Washington Time The foreign policy … Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.
 * Contention 2: Harms** Advantage 1: Democracy

The indigent defense system post-Katrina remains grossly inadequate and breeds and exacerbates racial discrimination and social inequality. Absent federal oversight and funding, these atrocities will continue to permeate the entirety of the criminal justice system. Levitt and Whitaker 2009. (Jeremy, J.D. and PhD. And Mathew. Both editors. “Hurricane Katrina: America's Unnatural Disaster (Justice and Social Inquiry).” Pg. 105-107.) A year and … public defense system. The inequality of funding for indigent systems is inextricably linked to racism – Katrina is a real world representation of a failed criminal justice system and its devastating consequences. Levitt and Whitaker 2009. (Jeremy, J.D. and PhD. And Mathew. Both editors. “Hurricane Katrina: America's Unnatural Disaster (Justice and Social Inquiry).” Pg. 126-127.) The aftermath of … be evacuated again.” Racism is perpetuated simply by not interrogating our response to racialized events. It is not solely explicit acts of bigotry, but indifference and unwillingness to interrogate institutional oppression that continues racial exclusions. Gilman Jun 11, 2006 (Nils, Tech Executive in the Silicon Valley “What Katrina Teaches about the Meaning of Racism”[]) The continued exclusion … from deadly hurricanes. Racism must be rejected in every instance Memmi 2000 (Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, 163-165) The struggle against... violence and death.
 * Advantage 2: Racism**

Continued state funding shortages increase the risk of wrongful convictions. National Right to Counsel Committee, April 2009. (“Justice Denied: America’s continuing neglect of Our constitutional Right to counsel.” The Constitution Project. []) As the cost … convictions will occur. More than ever before, indigent defenders represent mentally ill persons and these clients require increased spending for their defense. National Right to Counsel Committee, April 2009. (“Justice Denied: America’s continuing neglect of Our constitutional Right to counsel.” The Constitution Project. []) More than ever … difficult and time-consuming.161. Prison guards and workers are not equipped to monitor or treat mentally ill persons – this facilitates increased abuse, suicide, and rape. Torrey, director of SMRI, 95 (E. Fuller Torrey, M.D., National Institute of Mental Health Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital, Executive Director of the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI), founder of the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), December 1995, From the American Journal of Public Health, “Editorial: Jails and Prisons – America's New Mental Hospitals,” Volume 85 Number 12, pgs. 1611-1613, []) These are, of … usually a fake."6 Prison rape is dehumanizing. Knowles 99 [GORDON JAMES, Male Prison Rape: A Search for Causation and Prevention, p. 273, []] Rape in prison … of the term (Rideau and Wikberg 1992, p.75). Dehumanization makes all impacts of nuclear war, genocide, and environmental destruction inevitable. Berube, professor of speech communication, 97 (Nanotechnology Magazine June/July 1997, [], accessed, 5/17/04) Assuming we are … most powerful weapon.
 * Advantage 3: Mental Health**

The United States Congress should provide all necessary funding, resources, and training to state and local public defender systems and should monitor their compliance with the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.
 * Thus the plan:**

Federal funding, coordination, and oversight are key – a failure to reform existing federal policy exacerbates racism and ensures inoperability of state and local indigent defenses. Allee 2008. (Mathew, The Constitution Project. Public Defense Reforms. The Criminal Justice Transition Coalition. 11/9.[]) The crisis in … challenge prosecution cases. Increasing funding solves the root of all problems with indigent defense systems. Absent the plan, guaranteeing the right to counsel is impossible. Reed 2000. (Stacy, J.D. from T.C. Williams School of Law – U of Richmond. “A look back at Gideon v. Wainwright after forty years: an examination of the illusory sixth amendment right to assistance of counsel.” Drake Law Review. Vol. 52) V. Conclusion: How to Improve … equal opportunity at trial. Only federal funding solves – states can’t afford to fund indigent defenses. National Right to Counsel Committee, April 2009. (“Justice Denied: America’s continuing neglect of Our constitutional Right to counsel.” The Constitution Project. []) The Cost of the Right to Counsel The foregoing discussion … constitutional right to counsel.67 
 * Contention 3: Solvency**

[[|edit]] Soft Power Add-On
A. Plan kills soft power ACLU 3/26. (“Michigan And Other States Fail To Ensure All Defendants Receive Quality Representation.”[]) WASHINGTON – American Civil Liberties … over $4.5 million. B. 30 regional conflicts will go global in a world without U.S. soft power Joseph Nye, former assistant Sec of defense, Winter 1996, W. Q., p ln) While generally less … and global institutions.