Avgas

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Contention One: Inherency 90% of all general aviation still uses leaded fuels Environmental Protection Agency November 9 2007 http://download.aopa.org/epilot/2007/071114epa.pdf Currently, tetraethyl lead (TEL) is added to gasoline … **The FAA maintains a ban on ethanol use in general aviation** The Clean Air Act requires that cities with high levels of ozone pollution… Text: The Federal Aviation Administration should substantially increase alternative energy incentives by certifying the use of denatured ethanol for general aviation engines and airframes. Ask and we’ll clarify. Advantage One is Air Pollution Global air monitoring does not happen now and is vital to check pollution. Full certification is key to get this up-and-running. Maxwell Shauck, Department of Aviation Sciences Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center -- ALCOHOL, AVIATION AND AIR QUALITY: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT – July 2K -- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/alcoholandairquality.pdf) Air pollution monitoring from instrumented aircraft has typically been a very expensive procedure for studying air mass pollutants concentrations, ……  The terminal impact to air pollution is extinction.  David Driesen, Professor of Law, Syracuse, Buffalo Environmental Law Journal, Fall, 2002 / Spring, 2003, p. LN  Air pollution can make life unsustainable by harming the ecosystem upon which all life depends and harming the health of both future and present generations…  Post US certification, aircraft monitoring would get modeled overseas.  Shauck, Department of Aviation Sciences Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center -- ALCOHOL, AVIATION AND AIR QUALITY: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT – July 2K -- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/alcoholandairquality.pdf) The ethanol powered/air quality monitoring Cessna 172 will be a model that will be easy to replicate around the world. … Ethanol-based aircrafts in the US sparks a global transition to air monitoring in the countries with the greatest air pollution. Sergio Alvarez, The Baylor Institute of Air Science, Baylor University -- FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY: A SMALL AIR QUALITY SAMPLING AIRCRAFT POWERED BY ETHANOL -2005- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/FromConcepttoRealit.pdf The utilization of municipal waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste and dedicated energy crops, has the potential to expand domestic fuel supplies for a large percentage of countries…. Air monitoring aircraft crucial to checking global air particulates. Plan makes this affordable for developing nations. Sergio Alvarez, The Baylor Institute of Air Science, Baylor University -- FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY: A SMALL AIR QUALITY SAMPLING AIRCRAFT POWERED BY ETHANOL -2005- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/FromConcepttoRealit.pdf The low cost ethanol powered aircraft, specifically designed to monitor air quality,… Operators also complain that the low availability of 100-octane low-lead (100LL) avgas is hampering potential growth… Nowadays, compared with the developed countries, the Chinese general aviation and commercial aviation market is too poor to be pointed out…. China ’s rural economy is lagging creating tension The Standard: China’s Business Paper – March 5th 2005-- http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/std/China/GC05Ad01.html China 's per-capita disposable incomes in towns and cities … According to the report to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress… Edward **Cody**, writer from the Washington Post Foreign Service, Washington Post, September 22, **2005**, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/21/AR2005092100727.html The reports on income inequality seemed to attribute violence to economic …. Uneven Chinese growth causes implosion – Beijing won’t be able to peacefully resolve this. Bi Jianhi has recently completed his doctorate at the University of Canterbury's Department of Political Science. New Zealand International Review March 1, 2003 Unparalleled challenges The new Chinese leadership faces unparalleled challenges, mainly on the domestic front. … Gary Klintworth, former senior research at the Northeast Asia Project, Australian Journal of International Affairs, November 1994, page 219 Plan gets modeled globally. Our warrants are uniquely true in rural China. Max Shauck – Renewable Aviation Fuel Development Center – Dept of Aviation Sciences @ Baylor – Transitioning to Biomass Fuels in General Aviation – 1998 http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/transitiontobiomass.pdf) The demise of lead in the aviation gasoline in the United States will have a ripple effect in the rest of the world as well. …  But regulatory changes alone will not be enough to unlock the huge potential of the Chinese market… Advantage Three is Montreal Protocol Grazia **Zanin,** Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, The Green Airport Concept and the International Flight Academy on Biofuels, December **2007,** https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/5133/1/Grazia_Zanin_Masters.pdf  The CAA of 1970 did not live up to its expectations and since its ineffectiveness was further aggravated by increasing fuel consumption…  Max Shauck and Grazia Zanin, Director for the Baylor Institute for Air Science, Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center at Baylor, October 1998, http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/cleanairportsprogram.pdf The Montreal Protocol requires elimination of all use of ethyl-di-bromide by 1998. This lead scavenger is necessary in any engine using lead additives…. Vanessa Houlder, London-based environmental correspondent for Financial Times, Financial Times, November 18, 2003, http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=houlder+montreal+protocol&y=0&aje=true&x=0&id=031118001113&ct=0 David Doniger of the Natural Resources Defense Council, a US environment group, says this kind of special pleading marks … Geoffrey Lean, Environment Editor of The Independent, The Independent, July 20, 2003, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/bush-ready-to-wreck-ozone-layer-treaty-587379.html The demands now go to an international conference in Nairobi this autumn. … 2010 is key—marks the end of the developing nations’ compliance period, without the Montreal Protocol the Ozone level would collapse Anup Khastagir, member of the Climate Change Media Partnership and senior reporter for Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha News, The Nation, republished in the United Nations Environment Programme, January 11, 2006, [|www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/2006Jun12.doc] The area of the ozone hole varied between 20 and 29 million sq. km in the early 1990s. … World Meterological Organization/National Oceanic and Atoms Admin Scientific Panel – Assessment of Ozone Depletion, Report # 44 1998 -- http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/assessment98/ExecSum98.pdf)  Most of the chlorine in the stratosphere is there as a result of human activities, as the figure below illustrates. Many compounds containing chlorine are released at the ground. …  Illegal CFC’s aren’t a big concern – the market is dying, enforcement is working, and the Protocol is solving it.  Trio **-**A publication of the North American Commission on Environmental Cooperation -- Spring 2003-- http://www.cec.org/trio/stories/index.cfm?ed=9&ID=109&varlan=english) However, the Montreal Protocol set two schedules for the phase out of ODS—1996 for developed countries and 2010 for developing countries—and unwittingly created a black market in the process. … Until about a decade ago, the lack of knowledge about atmospheric chemistry and processes led to a significant depletion of stratospheric ozone levels. … Ozone depletion causes complete extinction – scientific consensus is on our side. Full of Holes: Montreal Protocol and the Continuing Destruction of the Ozone Layer -- A GREENPEACE REPORT with contributions from OZONE ACTION -1995- http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html) When chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first postulated a link between chlorofluorocarbons and ozone layer depletion in 1974, …  The Green Community, an environmental non-governmental organization, October 2, 2001, http://thegreencommunity.org/overview.html  As mentioned abouve, ozone naturally forms a layer in the earth's stratosphere…  Ocean collapse leads to extinction  Robin Craig, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Indiana, McGeorge Law Review, Winter 2003, lexis  The world's oceans contain many resources and provide many services that humans consider valuable. … Contention 2: Solvency Legalized ethanol will eliminate avgas-it’s cheaper and better for the environment Grazia **Zanin,** Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, The Green Airport Concept and the International Flight Academy on Biofuels, December **2007,** https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/5133/1/Grazia_Zanin_Masters.pdf A de facto alliance between many sectors of the aviation industry, federal agencies, politicians and the petroleum industry has taken place over time. …. Sergio **Alvarez** et al, Research Associate at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, Baylor University Publishing, “From Concept to Reality: A Small Air Quality Sampling Aircraft Powered by Ethanol,” 2005, http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/FromConcepttoRealit.pdf The fuel: The current bulk cost of ethanol in the U. S. is approximately $1.00 per gallon while the bulk cost of Avgas is approximately $1.80 per gallon…. Certification is the key incentive – it empirically provides a direct boost to alternative energy in aviation and the ethanol industry will inevitably expand at a significant rate Grazia **Zanin,** Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, The Green Airport Concept and the International Flight Academy on Biofuels, December **2007,** https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/5133/1/Grazia_Zanin_Masters.pdf Certification is necessary for an aircraft to engage in commercial operations. …  ……    The terminal impact to air pollution is extinction. David Driesen, Professor of Law, Syracuse, Buffalo Environmental Law Journal, Fall, 2002 / Spring, 2003, p. LN   Air pollution can make life unsustainable by harming the ecosystem upon which all life depends and harming the health of both future and present generations… Post US certification, aircraft monitoring would get modeled overseas. Shauck, Department of Aviation Sciences Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center -- ALCOHOL, AVIATION AND AIR QUALITY: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT – July 2K -- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/alcoholandairquality.pdf )   The ethanol powered/air quality monitoring Cessna 172 will be a model that will be easy to replicate around the world. …    Ethanol-based aircrafts in the US sparks a global transition to air monitoring in the countries with the greatest air pollution.    Sergio Alvarez, The Baylor Institute of Air Science, Baylor University -- FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY: A SMALL AIR QUALITY SAMPLING AIRCRAFT POWERED BY ETHANOL -2005- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/FromConcepttoRealit.pdf   The utilization of municipal waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste and dedicated energy crops, has the potential to expand domestic fuel supplies for a large percentage of countries…. Air monitoring aircraft crucial to checking global air particulates. Plan makes this affordable for developing nations. Sergio Alvarez, The Baylor Institute of Air Science, Baylor University -- FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY: A SMALL AIR QUALITY SAMPLING AIRCRAFT POWERED BY ETHANOL -2005- http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/FromConcepttoRealit.pdf The low cost ethanol powered aircraft, specifically designed to monitor air quality,… **__ Advantage Two is China __** ** The limited availability of aviation gas restricts rural growth in China ** ** Flight International **, October 26, **2004**, http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2004/10/26/189325/taking-flight.html Operators also complain that the low availability of 100-octane low-lead (100LL) avgas is hampering potential growth… ** General aviation growth is key to rural economic growth ** ** China General Aviation Convention **, July 24, 2007, http://ga.caib.gov.cn/StaticPages/hy.html Nowadays, compared with the developed countries, the Chinese general aviation and commercial aviation market is too poor to be pointed out…. China ’s rural economy is lagging creating tension The Standard: China’s Business Paper – March 5th 2005-- http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/std/China/GC05Ad01.html China 's per-capita disposable incomes in towns and cities … ** China’s overall and urban economy are surging now, but the rural economy is lagging and the rich-poor gap continues to widen despite improvesments ** ** The Hindu **, India’s national newspaper, September 18, 2008, http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/13/stories/2008091361981600.htm According to the report to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress… ** The rich-poor gap is the root cause of violent protests ** Edward **Cody**, writer from the Washington Post Foreign Service, Washington Post, September 22, **2005**, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/21/AR2005092100727.html The reports on income inequality seemed to attribute violence to economic …. Uneven Chinese growth causes implosion – Beijing won’t be able to peacefully resolve this. Bi Jianhi has recently completed his doctorate at the University of Canterbury's Department of Political Science. New Zealand International Review March 1, 2003 Unparalleled challenges The new Chinese leadership faces unparalleled challenges, mainly on the domestic front. …  ** The impact is global nuclear power wars ** Gary Klintworth, former senior research at the Northeast Asia Project, Australian Journal of International Affairs, November 1994, page 219 Plan gets modeled globally. Our warrants are uniquely true in rural China. Max Shauck – Renewable Aviation Fuel Development Center – Dept of Aviation Sciences @ Baylor – Transitioning to Biomass Fuels in General Aviation – 1998 http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/transitiontobiomass.pdf )   The demise of lead in the aviation gasoline in the United States will have a ripple effect in the rest of the world as well. …   ** Post-plan China will change to ethanol and ** model U.S General Aviation policies   ** Flight International **, October 26, **2004**, http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2004/10/26/189325/taking-flight.html    But regulatory changes alone will not be enough to unlock the huge potential of the Chinese market…   __ Advantage Three is Montreal Protocol __   ** Avgas is the only contributor to lead emissions in the U.S **    Grazia **Zanin,** Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, The Green Airport Concept and the International Flight Academy on Biofuels, December **2007,** https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/5133/1/Grazia_Zanin_Masters.pdf The CAA of 1970 did not live up to its expectations and since its ineffectiveness was further aggravated by increasing fuel consumption… ** Avgas leaves the U.S in violation of the protocol—ethanol is the best alternative ** Max Shauck and Grazia Zanin, Director for the Baylor Institute for Air Science, Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, Renewable Aviation Fuels Development Center at Baylor, October 1998, http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/cleanairportsprogram.pdf The Montreal Protocol requires elimination of all use of ethyl-di-bromide by 1998. This lead scavenger is necessary in any engine using lead additives…. ** The Montreal Protocol is successful, but violations by the U.S will cause it to unravel ** Vanessa Houlder, London-based environmental correspondent for Financial Times, Financial Times, November 18, 2003, http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=houlder+montreal+protocol&y=0&aje=true&x=0&id=031118001113&ct=0 David Doniger of the Natural Resources Defense Council, a US environment group, says this kind of special pleading marks … ** U.S. **** exemptions threaten to unravel the protocol by discouraging the compliance of developing nations ** Geoffrey Lean, Environment Editor of The Independent, The Independent, July 20, 2003, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/bush-ready-to-wreck-ozone-layer-treaty-587379.html The demands now go to an international conference in Nairobi this autumn. …   2010 is key—marks the end of the developing nations’ compliance period, without the Montreal Protocol the Ozone level would collapse Anup Khastagir, member of the Climate Change Media Partnership and senior reporter for Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha News, The Nation, republished in the United Nations Environment Programme, January 11, 2006, [|www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/2006Jun12.doc] The area of the ozone hole varied between 20 and 29 million sq. km in the early 1990s. …   World Meterological Organization/National Oceanic and Atoms Admin Scientific Panel – Assessment of Ozone Depletion, Report # 44 1998 -- http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/assessment98/ExecSum98.pdf )    Most of the chlorine in the stratosphere is there as a result of human activities, as the figure below illustrates. Many compounds containing chlorine are released at the ground. …    Illegal CFC’s aren’t a big concern – the market is dying, enforcement is working, and the Protocol is solving it.    Trio **-**A publication of the North American Commission on Environmental Cooperation -- Spring 2003-- http://www.cec.org/trio/stories/index.cfm?ed=9&ID=109&varlan=english ) However, the Montreal Protocol set two schedules for the phase out of ODS—1996 for developed countries and 2010 for developing countries—and unwittingly created a black market in the process. …  ** Without the Montreal Protocol, massive ozone depletion would occur ** ** UN Industrial Development Organization, 2008 **, http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o18265, Until about a decade ago, the lack of knowledge about atmospheric chemistry and processes led to a significant depletion of stratospheric ozone levels. …   Ozone depletion causes complete extinction – scientific consensus is on our side. Full of Holes: Montreal Protocol and the Continuing Destruction of the Ozone Layer -- A GREENPEACE REPORT with contributions from OZONE ACTION -1995- http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html )   When chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first postulated a link between chlorofluorocarbons and ozone layer depletion in 1974, …   ** Ozone depletion kills plankton, creating a domino effect that destroys ocean life **    The Green Community, an environmental non-governmental organization, October 2, 2001, http://thegreencommunity.org/overview.html    As mentioned abouve, ozone naturally forms a layer in the earth's stratosphere…    Ocean collapse leads to extinction    Robin Craig, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Indiana, McGeorge Law Review, Winter 2003, lexis    The world's oceans contain many resources and provide many services that humans consider valuable. …  __ Contention 2: Solvency __ Legalized ethanol will eliminate avgas-it’s cheaper and better for the environment Grazia **Zanin,** Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, The Green Airport Concept and the International Flight Academy on Biofuels, December **2007,** https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/5133/1/Grazia_Zanin_Masters.pdf A de facto alliance between many sectors of the aviation industry, federal agencies, politicians and the petroleum industry has taken place over time. ….  ** Transition would be simple – economics favor the move, and there’s already excess ethanol non uniqueing all ethanol disads ** Sergio **Alvarez** et al, Research Associate at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, Baylor University Publishing, “From Concept to Reality: A Small Air Quality Sampling Aircraft Powered by Ethanol,” 2005, http://www3.baylor.edu/bias/publications/FromConcepttoRealit.pdf The fuel: The current bulk cost of ethanol in the U. S. is approximately $1.00 per gallon while the bulk cost of Avgas is approximately $1.80 per gallon…. Certification is the key incentive – it empirically provides a direct boost to alternative energy in aviation and the ethanol industry will inevitably expand at a significant rate Grazia **Zanin,** Director of Research at the Baylor Institute for Air Science, The Green Airport Concept and the International Flight Academy on Biofuels, December **2007,** https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/5133/1/Grazia_Zanin_Masters.pdf Certification is necessary for an aircraft to engage in commercial operations. …
 * U.S. **** Fed News, ** May 30**, 2008**, lexis
 * Advantage Two is China **
 * The limited availability of aviation gas restricts rural growth in China **
 * Flight International **, October 26, **2004**, http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2004/10/26/189325/taking-flight.html
 * General aviation growth is key to rural economic growth **
 * China General Aviation Convention **, July 24, 2007, http://ga.caib.gov.cn/StaticPages/hy.html
 * China’s overall and urban economy are surging now, but the rural economy is lagging and the rich-poor gap continues to widen despite improvesments **
 * The Hindu **, India’s national newspaper, September 18, 2008, http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/13/stories/2008091361981600.htm
 * The rich-poor gap is the root cause of violent protests **
 * The impact is global nuclear power wars **
 * Post-plan China will change to ethanol and ** model U.S General Aviation policies
 * Flight International **, October 26, **2004**, http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2004/10/26/189325/taking-flight.html
 * Avgas is the only contributor to lead emissions in the U.S **
 * Avgas leaves the U.S in violation of the protocol—ethanol is the best alternative **
 * The Montreal Protocol is successful, but violations by the U.S will cause it to unravel **
 * U.S. **** exemptions threaten to unravel the protocol by discouraging the compliance of developing nations **
 * All of the alt cause arguments are wrong – human-produced substances are responsible for ozone depletion. **
 * Without the Montreal Protocol, massive ozone depletion would occur **
 * UN Industrial Development Organization, 2008 **, http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=o18265,
 * Ozone depletion kills plankton, creating a domino effect that destroys ocean life **
 * Transition would be simple – economics favor the move, and there’s already excess ethanol non uniqueing all ethanol disads **
 * All of the alt cause arguments are wrong – human-produced substances are responsible for ozone depletion. **